The PIV core will likely need .09 at the least and maybe longer pipes to ever hit 7Ghz, at 3Ghz its getting quite warm, warmer than any Athlon ever was, so unless the cooling of cpus change it'll hit the thermal limit long before 4Ghz. AMD did a wonderful job in stretching the Athlon .18 to 1.73Ghz, quite impressive as the Tualatin never made it there and was on .13 to boot, though i feel Intel could've done it, but they did'nt want the PIV looking bad. No matter how you put it, i'll never forgive Intel for the Willamette core, and people who bought it then are just as shanked as they were then, now, sse2 instructions etc. or no. I still feel K7 has the potential for 2.4-6Ghz with a few steppings and fine tuning, lots of 2800+ chips i've dealt with have done 2.5Ghz at default core volt and that will definetly rock the PIV's boat. I hope they scale operton fast, at 2.3-4Ghz it'll be king of the hill maybe for some time.